Central banks are destroying our economiesBy André Marques Central banks' monetary policies are the most perverse government intervention. Their consequences are dire, last for a very long time, and people don't perceive them as problems or don't comprehend the damage they are doing. Monetary policy (monetary expansion and artificially low interest rates) has five main consequences that harm overall living standards. Price Inflation This is the most obvious consequence, and yet, it is very misunderstood by voters. If the money that is effectively circulating in the economy (i.e., M1 and M2, or for a better perspective, the true money supply) increases, price inflation tends to increase. The expansion of the money supply destroys consumer purchasing power and makes people poorer over time. Bigger Government Government spending and indebtedness are intensified due to expansionary monetary policies (since central banks buy government bonds). More resources are allocated to pay for politicians' and bureaucrats' luxurious lives and for government programs that, at their best, are more expensive compared to a free market solution. Governments don't have an incentive to allocate the resources efficiently (since they can just raise taxes, go deeper into debt, or print money), so anything that it does ends up being more expensive than it would have been without monetary intervention. Financial Assets Become Overpriced Monetary policy is behind the major financial crisis and its precedent asset bubbles. The stock market is overpriced because artificially low interest rates raise the present value of corporations' future earnings, making their stocks go higher without having sound fundamental indicators. Artificially low rates also incentivize people to go into debt to buy stocks, which raises their prices. Plus, some central banks (like the Bank of Japan and the Swiss National Bank) have stocks on their balance sheets, which also appreciate their prices due to the artificial demand. Real estate prices are inflated as well. Houses and buildings are what Rothbard would call "higher order" goods due to their very long capital structure. He notes,
Overpriced real estate assets also turn houses, apartments, and commercial properties into an asset class (something to invest in and, in theory, protect oneself from the very inflation that caused the real estate prices to go up in the first place) rather than what they would be if it wasn't for the government's meddling: houses and apartments for living, and commercial properties for economic activities, either by renting or buying. Economic Inequality This one is linked to our previous argument. Thanks to loose monetary policy, financial assets appreciate without being backed by proper fundamentals. Richer people (the ones who have the most financial assets) get even richer not because their investments are improving companies' productivity (providing more or better goods and services), but because their assets are being inflated by monetary policy. The financial market turns out to be less accessible for the average Jane and Joe due to the following:
So, the average Jane and Joe have fewer tools to get richer. And this keeps getting worse as long as central banks keep up with their dovish monetary policy. Housing also becomes less affordable, and average people must sacrifice a lot more (and for a much longer time) to save for buying a home. What would be a simple task turns into a long and tiresome effort. This diminished the number of first-time homebuyers, and young people had to delay it. But now, even people in their thirties are living with their parents or other relatives. And homelessness is increasing in major cities like Los Angeles and Lisbon (both foreigners and Portuguese people). Higher Time Preference Equals Less Economic Growth and More Indebtedness Artificially low interest rates destroy the incentive for savings. In many cases, even if price inflation is low, the return on savings does not compensate for the time that people didn't use the money. The overall time preference gets higher. People are not willing to wait to spend their money. If there is no return, they might as well party right away. Indebtedness also increases for consumption instead of being used for investments that would increase productivity and economic growth. This also makes prices go higher than they would be because higher productivity tends to lower prices, and this process is, best-case scenario, delayed by lower savings. In other words, governments don't let deflation (which would make prices go lower over time) happen. Price inflation itself also creates an incentive to spend right away (since the purchasing power gets lower every year), and artificially low interest rates make the money market (which would be an easy tool people could resort to for parking their savings) not attractive. And, since overall time preference is higher, most people don't settle for just preserving their purchasing power (which sometimes can be achieved with gold). They want a fast and high return, a dangerous combination. So, they go to the stock market, which is overpriced thanks to a loose monetary policy, which was covered earlier. Conclusion Government interventions through central banks are the most destructive and yet the least understood by most people. It is a bad enough problem to deal with on its own, and even harder to do so when people fail to perceive its damage. Central banks are the source of most evils in the economy. André Marques is Brazilian (Recife-PE) and he holds a graduate degree in Political Science and International Relations at Universidade Nova de Lisboa and a master's degree in International Economics at Universidade de Lisboa. He focuses on the US and the Brazilian economies, and monetary economics.
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